
Stripped
- Annu: 2016
- Paese: United Kingdom, United States of America
- Genre: Drama
- Studio: IndyVention, LeanderVention
- Parolla chjave:
- Direttore: India Dupré
- Cast: Katheryn Winnick, Boyd Austin, Alan Shearman, Melissa Bickerton, Stella Bonstin, Kimberly Cashner